City and its Characteristics
City and its Characteristics
In 1880, Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel Debganer Martye Aagaman (The Gods Visit Earth) in which Brahma with other Gods came to Calcutta. Seeing the modern city, they were so impressed that they decided to build a Museum and High Court in Heaven. Calcutta was known as the place of opportunities for trade and commerce, education and jobs in 19th century. On the other side, the city had its own problems also such as - poverty, poor quality of housing, confusion related with religion, casteism and gender identity. Like Durgacharan Ray, many other authors observed the contrasting images and experiences of city, viz., wealth and poverty, splendour and dirt, opportunities and disappointment etc. The modern city worldwide has developed only over the last 200 years. Three historical process which have shaped modern cities are:
1. The rise of industrial capitalism
2. The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of world.
3. The development of democratic ideals.
The present chapter deals with the work, life and leisure of two important cities i.e., London and Bombay.
Characteristics of The City:
Industrialisation and the Rise of the Modern City in England: In modern age, the form of urbanisation has changed due to industrialisation. Most Western countries were largely rural even many decades after the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The early industrial cities of Britain were Leeds and Manchester. They attracted large number of migrants to the textile mills, set up in the late 18th century. In 1851, more than three quarters of the adults living in Manchester were migrants from rural areas.
What forms of entertainment came up in 19th century England to provide leisure activities for the people?
The following forms of entertainment came up in 19the century England by which the people of all classes entertain themselves
Industrial Expansion in London: By 1750,one out of every nine people of England and wales lived in London.
Over the 19th century in England, London continued to expand. The population of London was about 675000 in 1750. It multiplied four-fold from 1 million in 1810 to 4 million in 1880. According to historian Gareth Stedman Jones, “19th century London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers and beggars”. Five major types of industries in London employed a large number of people. These industries were clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metal. During the First World War (1914-18), London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased in London. This attracted a large number of people to settle there
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